الزايدي ، تهاني مطلق

Healthcare associated infections (HAIs) are caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens, by its ability to strongly adhere to biotic or abiotic surfaces. Nosocomial pathogen can be spread from infected patient to a susceptible patient via the hands of healthcare personnel, contaminated hospital surfaces and medical devices. In the present study, a total of 29 bacterial isolates were recovered from medical devices and clinical samples (skin, nose and oral cavity). These isolates were molecularly identified, screened for their ability to form biofilm in 96-well microtiter plates. The efficiency of some disinfectants as removal agent of the preformed biofilm by the testedstrains was determined. Out of 29 bacterial isolates, 26 (89.6 %) were Gram positive, 3 (10.3%) were Gram-negative isolates. PCR-based technique applied to identify the selected isolates. Continuous stretches of approximately 700-1145 bp DNA fragments of 16S rRNA gene sequenced for further identification of the tested isolates. According to BLAST program on NCBI database, the identity and coverage percentages were ranged from 99 -100% and 96-100%, respectively. Obtained data revealed that, the tested isolates were identified as Bacillus spp. (n=8), Staphylococcus spp. (n=12), Kocuria spp. and (n=6) Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=3) isolates. The antibiotic resistance profiles of the isolates were determined against thirteen antimicrobial agents. The incidence of resistance ranged between 12.5 % for tetracycline anderythromycin to 87.5% for polymyxin among Bacillus spp. isolates. In addition, for Staphylococcus spp. isolates, percentage of antibiotic resistance fluctuated between 8.3 for gentamycin, amikacin, ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin to 58.3 for erythromycin. While, all Kocuria spp. and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates showed 100% resistant to norfloxacin and erythromycin, respectively. Seven bacterial strains were considered as strong biofilm producers including Bacillus licheniformis H1, Staphylococcus aureus strains M0601, M0901, M1102 and H3, Kocuria rosea MD6 and Klebsiella pneumoniae N3. Strong and moderate biofilm-forming isolates were selected to investigate the effects of some disinfectants on the preformed biofilm. These disinfectants included; ethanol, isopropanol, sodium bicarbonate, betadine, avohex, listerine and glutaraldehyde. The results showed that avohex and Listerine followed by betadine then ethanol acted as an antibiofilm for the most tested strains and had a highly significant effect (P = 0.001) in disrupting biofilm. On contrary, K. rosea MD6 isolate showed high resistance to all disinfectants in comparing with other tested strains. In addition, most disinfectants were unable to fully eradicate preformed biofilm for K. pneumoniae N3. The potential biofilm formation ability on stainless steel and urinary catheter surfaces was demonstrated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). SEM images displayed the production of extracellular substance that facilitate the adhesion of cells to each other and to the stainless steel and catheter surfaces. Extracellular matrix and water channels were also observed by most of investigated strains. In conclusion, the higher antibiotic resistance patterns of the studied strains that obtained in the present study could be referred to its high ability to produce extracellular substances and its ability to form biofilm. Therefore, more considerations in the application of hygienic conditions are recommended to control HAIs. Novel alternative active-ingredients should be considered for development of traditional disinfectants used in hospitals and clinics.

البليهد، محمد عبدالرحمن عبدالعزيز

Objective Leadership is supporting patient care and is no longer accepted specially for those in formal management positions it is perceived to be the responsibility of all healthcare professionals. On review the contents taught in medical colleges of Saudi Arabia, despite the change in curricular perspective and design teaching of leadership is absent, if not fully, then to an extent where it does not equip the young graduate to compete on the global stage. Needs Assessment should be done to see if such a course or a module could be incorporated into the existing curricula of Medical Colleges in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Two research questions were asked 1.What are the students’ perceptions about skills required of a leader in health care context in an undergraduate curriculum in Saudi Arabia? 2. What are the perceptions of College faculty about skills required of a leader in health care context in an undergraduate curriculum in Saudi Arabia? Methods A cross sectional study, which combined a quantitative approach through a self-administered questionnaire based survey, was carried out. Sampling procedure was non-probability convenience technique was adopted on male and female undergraduate medical students from four medical colleges were selected which totaled 700. Faculty members which were 250, including Deans, Vice Deans, Administrators, Heads of Department and Curriculum Unit members were also approached to fulfill the questionnaires. As pre-determined criteria the four colleges were, College of Medicine at King Saud University, Riyadh / College of Medicine at Qassim University, Qassim / College of Medicine at Taif University, Taif and Sulaiman Al Rajhi College of Medicine, Bukairyah (Private school). Results Results showed that in the students group 75.46% had minimal experience of leadership while 22.69% had whereas 3.02% out of 464 thought they were highly experienced in the leadership expanse. Faculty group showed even distribution in all three ranges 32.56% felt they had basic or minimal experience while 38.37% had some experience while 29.07% out of 114 felt they were highly experienced. Conclusion This needs assessment and other relevant factors showed the necessity for introduction of leadership as a skilled subject. There is always going to be an increasing demand of competent medical graduates who can be future leaders. Elementary leadership concepts remain fundamentally the same yet the development of the curricula needs to focus on the needs of the society and stakeholders.

الخلف، أحمد محمد جاسم

Title: Needs Assessment for Developing a Doctorate of Clinical Psychology Program in Saudi Arabia Introduction: There are a number of challenges in Saudi Arabia regarding developing higher health standards and particularly psychological services. There are challenges in existing psychological training, but also a significant lack of learning from Western standards in psychological work both academically and clinically. Objectives: This study has two primary aims: (1) to examine the attitude of local practicing physicians (who are working with psychologists) towards the current psychologists’ work and towards establishing a Doctorate of Clinical Psychology program; and (2) to explore the needs for such a program to have culturally relevant content and competencies to meet local needs and enhance general professional competencies. Methods and Participants: The sample of participants consisted of 73 (54 male [74%] and, 19 female [26%]) practicing physicians in Saudi Arabia. Participants ranged from 29 to 59 years of age (M = 38.18 years, SD = 6.94 years), with an average of 5.86 years (SD = 1.37) of clinical experience. All participants completed the questionnaire used in this study. The main tool (the questionnaire and interview) was developed for this study after reviewing the literature, local needs and policies, and asking input from a small sample of clinicians. Results: Belief in the importance of developing a Doctorate of Clinical Psychology program was strong. It was also found to be significantly, positively correlated with the belief that the psychologists should work as part of a multidisciplinary team in particular with family medicine, neurosurgery, neurology, psychiatry, and pediatric(r = .415; p ≤ 0.01). Conclusions: There is a real need to conduct a needs assessment for developing a Doctorate Clinical psychology program in Saudi Arabia to contribute and enhance the healthcare for a good quality of patient, as indicated by the view of local practicing physicians. The study provides high recommendations to develop a curriculum of the global standards in Saudi Arabia which is the need of hour.

القرني، عبدالخالق جابر محسن

This thesis estimates generalized thermoelasticity with four theories (Classical (CT), Lord-Shulman (L-S), Green-Lindsay (G-L) and Green-Naghdi of type II (G-N II)) with different fields. This thesis consists of five chapters as follows: The first chapter is an introductory and literature survey on the external applied fields, in addition the basic governing equations on thermoelasticity. The remain four chapters are devoted to study the effect of rotation, gravity field and magnetic field with laser pulse on an isotropic homogeneous thermoelastic medium. Firstly, we introduced the fundamental equations of the problem, it is formulated in the dimensionless form, then solved analytically using Lame‟s potential and after that the normal mode analysis method. The physical quantities are obtained and displayed graphically by a numerical study using the physical constants of copper as an appropriate material. The results obtained are shown in group of figures for all physical quantities under the effect of all external parameters, then discussions and conclusion are presented in details. We used Matlab program package to obtain the numerical results and figures.

الجعيد ، سحر ستر مستور

الحارثي ، أمل علي

A carbon paste electrochemical sensor modified with TiO2 nanoparticles and 1- butyl-3- methylimidazolium Chloride [BMIM] CI ionic liquid and coated with a layer of poly (3,4- ethylene- dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) polymer was developed for sensitive and selective determination of diclofenac sodium (DCF). Electrochemistry of diclofenac sodium was studied at carbon paste electrode in the presence and absence of nanoparticles, ionic liquid, and polymer film. The presence of these materials plays a key role in enhancing the current signal obtained for the drug and thus the sensitivity of the method as a whole. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) differential pulse voltammetry(DPV) were utilized to verify the voltammetric behavior of diclofenac sodium in different media. The surface morphology and compositional properties of the modified electrode were characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy,(EIS) transmission electron microscopy,(TEM) scanning electron microscopy,(SEM) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The modified electrode is selective for the determination of diclofenac sodium in presence of interfering molecules such as uric acid and ascorbic acid. The designed sensor showed good,reproducibility, high stability , sensitivity and anti-interference, ability, thus the sensor was further utilized to determine diclofenac sodium level in human urine as well as some of its drug formulations and satisfactory results are obtained with low detection limit

الغامدي، محمد فلاح حمود

The neutron diffusion equations are in general stiff nonlinear coupled partial differential equations. The solutions of this system describe the neutron flux and precursor concentration of delayed neutrons. The results of these solutions are of great importance for operation and safety of reactors. The safety of nuclear power reactors has become an urgent need for all world countries. These countries need an efficient and economic mathematical techniques to ensure the nuclear safety. So, the fast and accurate solutions for the time dependent neutron diffusion equations are important to improve the safety of nuclear power reactors. In this thesis, we developed an accurate numerical methods to solve the two energy groups space-time neutron diffusion equations with average one group of the precursor concentration of delayed neutrons. The proposed developed numerical methods are as expected to be accurate and fast compared with the conventional methods. The thesis is organized as follows: In the first part of this thesis, the mathematical form for two energy groups of three dimensional homogeneous reactors kinetics equations with average one group of the precursor concentration of delayed neutrons is presented. This mathematical form is called "two energy groups of the point kinetics equations", which is represented in the matrix form to suit our case. Generalization of the analytical exponential model (GAEM) is developed for solving the two energy groups of the point kinetics equations. The GAEM is based on the eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors of the coefficient matrix, which obtained numerically using the Laguerre’s method for the roots of algebraic equation with real coefficients. Furthermore, the eigenvectors of the coefficient matrix are calculated analytically. The results of the GAEM are compared with the conventional methods such as 3DKIN code and adaptive matrix formation (AMF) method. The result of comparison confirm the accuracy of the GAEM technique. In addition, the GAEM is faster than the AMF method. In the second part, the fundamental matrix method (FMM) is developed to solve the system of the two energy groups for the point kinetics equations for three dimensional homogeneous reactors. The FMM is based on the eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors of the coefficient matrix, where the inverse of the fundamental matrix is calculated analytically. The results of the FMM are compared with the conventional 2 methods such as 3DKIN, AMF and GAEM. The accuracy of the FMM are estimated at different types of reactivities. In addition to the agreement, the FMM is faster than the corresponding GAEM and AMF methods. In the third part, the generalization of the analytical exponential model and the fundamental matrix method are developed to solve the two energy groups of neutron diffusion equations for the two-dimensional heterogeneous nuclear reactor. The adopted methods are based on using five-point central finite difference approximation to the two energy groups of neutron diffusion equations at fixed time. In addition, the average values of the material parameters to change the heterogeneous reactor to homogeneous reactor are weighted over the volume. The results of the generalization of the analytical exponential model and the fundamental matrix method are compared with the numerical conventional methods such as TWIGL, AMF, Padé 11, LUMAC, MITKIN, SADI and TSM codes. The comparisons shows that the results of the developed GAEM and FMM methods for the heterogeneous nuclear reactor are in agreement with the results of the corresponding methods.

البقمي، نورة محمد حسين

Optimal control problems for parabolic partial differential equations appear in several branches of applied mathematics. These problems have dealt with the processes of hydro- and gas dynamics, heat physics, filtration, the physics of plasma and others. In the first chapter, we review briefly the basic concepts of some optimization algorithms and optimization problems governed by distributed parameter systems (DPS) and some applications. In second chapter, we consider an optimal control problem with respect to a parabolic equation with three controls in the right hand side of the equation, in the initial condition and in one of the boundary conditions. The well-posedness (existence and uniqueness of the solution) of the optimal control parabolic problem is proved. One of the approaches of building the gradient of the cost functional using the solving of the adjoint problem is investigated. Lipschitz continuity of the gradient cost functional is derived. In the third chapter, we solve numerically two special cases of the following optimal control problem governed by a parabolic partial differential equations (OPC) : Minimize                 l T f v u x T z x dx v t w t dt 0 2 2 0 2  ,   under the following conditions                                                  k u l t v t t T x u l t l x u t u x v x x l v x t x t x u x t x t x u x t T The two cases which solve numerically as follows: OCP1: In the first problem the control takes the form v (t)which appears in the second boundary condition. OCP2: In the second problem the control takes the form v (x) which appears in the initial condition of the parabolic equation. Remarks: 1) New results in chapter two included in a paper entitled: On An Optimal control Problem for Parabolic Equations, International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER), Vol. 3(5), 2250 -3005, 2015. 2) New results in chapter three included in a paper entitled: Computation of Optimal Controls for a Class of Distributed Parameter Systems, Journal of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Vol.6(8),439-448, 2015.

الخثعمي ، عالية محمد سفير

الحارثي، نايف سعيد مرزوق

Let
be a ring (not necessary commutative) with identity 1 and  be a unitary right
-module. In this thesis we study the transfer of some algebraic properties between the base ring
and the generalized Mal’cev- Neumann series ring  =
((; , )). Also, we transfer some algebraic properties between the base module  and the generalized Mal’cev- Neumann series module  = (()) . Firstly, in Chapter (3), we show the following result: Let (, . ,≤) be a strictly totally ordered monoid which satisfies the condition that 1 ≤  for every  ∈  and  an -compatible module. If  is a PS-module, then  = (()) is a PS-module. Secondly, in Chapter (4), we prove the following result: Let  be an -compatible and -Armendariz module. Then  is a right zip
-module if and only if  = (()) is a right zip -module. Finally, in Chapter (5), we show the following result: Let (, . ,≤) be a strictly totally ordered monoid and
be an - compatible NI-ring with (
) nilpotent. If
satisfies the right weak Beachy-Blair condition, then  =
((; , )) satisfies the right weak Beachy-Blair condition. The results in Chapter (3) accepted for publication in Hacettepe Journal of Mathematics and Statistics. However the results in Chapter (4) and Chapter (5) have been submitted for publication in two papers with the same name of the associated chapter.

الحارثي، نايف سعيد مرزوق

Let
be a ring (not necessary commutative) with identity 1 and  be a unitary right
-module. In this thesis we study the transfer of some algebraic properties between the base ring
and the generalized Mal’cev- Neumann series ring  =
((; , )). Also, we transfer some algebraic properties between the base module  and the generalized Mal’cev- Neumann series module  = (()) . Firstly, in Chapter (3), we show the following result: Let (, . ,≤) be a strictly totally ordered monoid which satisfies the condition that 1 ≤  for every  ∈  and  an -compatible module. If  is a PS-module, then  = (()) is a PS-module. Secondly, in Chapter (4), we prove the following result: Let  be an -compatible and -Armendariz module. Then  is a right zip
-module if and only if  = (()) is a right zip -module. Finally, in Chapter (5), we show the following result: Let (, . ,≤) be a strictly totally ordered monoid and
be an - compatible NI-ring with (
) nilpotent. If
satisfies the right weak Beachy-Blair condition, then  =
((; , )) satisfies the right weak Beachy-Blair condition. The results in Chapter (3) accepted for publication in Hacettepe Journal of Mathematics and Statistics. However the results in Chapter (4) and Chapter (5) have been submitted for publication in two papers with the same name of the associated chapter.

البقمي ، زها رداد

The notion of soft sets is introduced as a general mathematical tool for dealing with uncertainty such as probability theory, fuzzy set, rough set theory and vague set theory. This thesis aims to study soft α-open sets and soft 𝑏-open sets in soft topological spaces (𝑋, 𝜏, 𝐸) with soft ideal Ĩ and investigate some of their basic properties and relationships between them .This thesis contains three chapters, as follows: Chapter 1: In this chapter, we introduce most of the fundamental concepts, theories and results needed in this thesis about of soft set theory, soft topological spaces, soft ideals, supra soft topological spaces and some generalized soft open sets. Chapter 2: In this chapter, we continue to investigate further properties of soft α-open sets in soft topological spaces. First section, we define and discuss soft 𝛼-exterior, soft 𝛼-boundary, soft 𝛼-open neighborhood, soft 𝛼-open neighborhood systems, soft 𝛼-limit point, soft 𝛼-derived set, and soft 𝛼-subspace in soft topological spaces. Second section, we introduce soft α-local function in a soft topological space (𝑋, 𝜏, 𝐸) with soft ideal Ĩ and investigate some of their basic properties. New soft topology from the original one by using soft 𝛼∗-local function is deduced. Relations between soft topology and original one are obtained. Basic properties and characterization related these concepts are given. Third section, we introduce some types of soft ⍺-open sets with respect to soft ideal and weakly soft ⍺-open sets with respect to soft ideal in a soft topological space. We also investigate some of their fundamental properties. Let us mention here that the main results established in chapter (2) have been submitted for publication. Chapter 3: In this chapter we continue to investigate further properties of soft 𝑏-open sets in soft topological spaces. First section, we introduce and discuss soft 𝑏-kernel, soft 𝑏-kernel of soft sets, soft ⋀𝑏 -closed sets, soft ⋀𝑏 -open sets, soft 𝑏-border, soft 𝑏-open neighborhood systems, soft 𝑏-derived set and soft 𝑏-subspace in soft topological spaces. Second section, the concept of soft 𝑏-local function in a soft topological space (𝑋, 𝜏, 𝐸) with soft ideal Ĩ is introduced several of their properties are investigated. Soft topology from the original one by using soft 𝑏∗-local function is deduced .Some of relations between new soft topology and the original one are studied. Third section, some kinds of soft 𝑏-open sets with respect to soft ideal and weakly soft 𝑏-open sets with respect to soft ideal in a soft topological space are proposed with some of their fundamental characterization. Fourth section, we introduce the relations between soft 𝛼-open sets and soft 𝑏-open sets on soft topological spaces (𝑋, 𝜏, 𝐸) with respect to soft ideal Ĩ. Let us mention here that the main results established in chapter (3) have been submitted for publication.

عسيري ، فاطمة محمد

الجعيد ، جوهرة غويزي سالم

The integral equations has close contacts with many different areas of mathematics. Also integral equations arise in many scientific and engineering problems. A large class of initial and boundary value problems can be converted to Volterra or Fredholm integral equations. The potential theory contributed morethan any field to give rise to integral equations. Mathematical physics models, such as diffraction problems, scattering in quantum mechanics, conformal mapping, and water waves also contributed to the creation of integral equations. Integral equations often arise in electrostatic, low frequency electro magnetic problems, electro magnetic scattering problems and propagation of acoustical and elastical waves, see (Jerri [31], Kanwal [32], Krees[34], Green[27], Hochstadt[30], and Schiavone[45]) . These different problems have leed researchers to establish different methods for solving integral equations of different kinds analytically see (Linz[37],Kiselev & Makarenko [36], Kanwal [32]). At the same time the numerical methods takes an important place in solving the integral equation these methods depend on errors study resulting from these methods and properties of convergence and stability of these methods: Trapezoidal rule, Romberg integration method, Collocation method, Galerkin method, Block-by-block method, Rung- Kutta method, Nystrom method,Toeplitz matrix and simpson's rule, see( Atkinson [18 ], Delves and Walsh [23], Baker [19]) . This thesis consists of introduction, four chapters, (47 ) references, tables, figures, appendix, and Arabic summary. Chapter 1: Some Basic Concepts Chapter 1 consists of four sections. The first section is an introduction and in the second section, we present a review for some basic concepts, theorems, definitions and formulas which used during the work. Then , in section three we state the definition of the integral equation. Section four contains the type of the integral equations. Chapter 2 : Nonlinear Fredholm-Volterra Integral Equation and System of Nonlinear Fredholm Integral Equations . In this chapter, there are six sections. The first section is an introduction and in the second section, the existence and uniqueness of the solution of nonlinear Fredholm-Volterra integral equation of the second kind is considered. Then in section three, the system of nonlinear Fredholm integral equations. In the fourth section we use some numerical techniques for solving the system of nonlinear Fredholm integral equations by Trapezoidal rule, Simpson's rule and Romberg integration method. In section five, some examples are solved to explain these method. In the last section, the error in each method is discussed and calculated. From this chapter, the following paper has been submited: (Some numerical techniques for solve nonlinear Fredholm-Volterra integral equation). It was accepted for publication in Journal of Progressive Reseach in Mathematics . Chapter 3 : Nonlinear Fredholm-Volterra Integral Equation and System of Nonlinear Volterra Integral Equations . In this chapter, there are six sections. The first section is an introduction and in the second section, the existence and uniqueness of the solution of nonlinear Fredholm-Volterra integral equation of the second kind is considered. Then in section three, the system of nonlinear Volterra integral equations. In the fourth section we use a some numerical techniques for solving the system of nonlinear Volterra integral equations by Runge-Kutta method and Block-by Block method. In section five, some examples are solved to explain these method. In the last section, the error in each method is discussed and calculated. From this chapter, the following paper has been submited: (Runge-Kutta Method and Block by Block Method to Solve Nonliner Fredholm-Volterra Integral Equation with Continuous Kernel) is submitted for publication. Chapter 4 : Some Different Methods to Solve The Hammerstein- Volterra Integral Equation . In this chapter, there are six sections. The first section is an introduction and in the second section, the existence and uniqueness of the solution of Hammerstein-Volterra integral equation of the second kind are with discontinuity kernel considered. Then in section three, the system of Hammerstein integral equations. In the fourth section we use a some numerical techniques for solving the system of Hammerstein integral equations by the Toeplitz matrix method and the product Nystrom method. In section five, some examples are solved to explain these method. In the last section, the error in each method is discussed and calculated. From this chapter, the following paper has been submited: (Toeplitz matrix method and product Nystrom method to Solve Hammerstein-Volterra Integral Equation with Singular Kernel) was submitted for publication. For all numerical example are explained and the error in each cases is calculated. Programs are written in maple program version 18.

السبيعي، بيضاء محسن طامي

In this thesis, the analytical solution of the problem of two two-level atoms with degenerate two-photon transitions interacting with a single-mode of radiation field in resonance case and off-resonance case is studies. The classical external field for the system is added and obtain the general solution by solving the Schrodinger equation. Therefor we study the influence of the classical external field on the present system. Some statistical aspects study for example the purity of the atomic state, which it is used to measure the degree of entanglement between the atom and the field. We can calculate the temporal evolution of variance and entropy squeezing as well as atomic inversion for the single-atom case. It have been show that maximum squeezing for the variance and entropy squeezing may be occurs when some values of the ratio between the amplifier coupling and the field frequency equals. Finally, we are looking for good results that have importance in the quantum information for certain values of the ratio between the interaction constant between the atom and the field to the energy of the free electromagnetic field so that the system can reaches the pure state