العتيبي، فاطمة عواض عايض

The aim of this study was to test the potential of the brown marine macroalgae, Padina pavonica in minimizing the growth inhibition of Zea mays L. induced under Cd+2 or Ni+2 stress. Zea mays L. plants treated with 100 μM Cd+2 or 150 μM Ni+2 showed a decline of fresh and dry weights compared to samples treated with no metals. Cadmium or nickel treatment caused also a significant decrease in Chl A and Chl B contents coupled with an increased ratio of Chl A/ Chl B. However, presence of 3.33% Padina pavonica or Acanthophora specifera induced many fold increases of fresh and dry weights of maize samples treated with Cd+2 or M Ni+2. Our data showed clearly that Padina pavonica was more efficient in reducing the growth inhibition of maize growth than Acanthophora specifera. The effectiveness of Padina pavonica was studied more extensively in comparison to the well-known plant growth modulators; ascorbic acid and cysteine. Analysis of the study data indicated clearly that the three modulators stimulated the inhibition of both fresh and dry weights induced under Cd+2 or Ni+2 stress as well as of Chl A, Chl B and carotenoids contents. In addition, presence of Padina pavonica caused a decrease of Chl A to Chl B ratio coupled with an increase of total carbohydrate contents reflecting a higher efficiency of photosynthetic process. Interestingly, Padina pavonica was the most effective modulator with both metals compared to ascorbic acid and cysteine. Moreover, cadmium and nickel stresses showed a dramatic change in distribution and contents of all measured nutrients (Ca+2, Fe+2, Na+, Pb+2, Cu+2 and Zn+2) in maize tissues. Results showed a remarkable ability of Padina pavonica in minimizing Pb+2 accumulations especially in Ni+2 treated roots. Zea mays L. seedlings treated with Cd+2 or Ni+2 showed a decrease in the activities of the antioxidant enzymes; superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase. However, the decline was more pronounced on catalase activity. Again, the effectiveness of Padina pavonica in inducing catalase activity was significantly confirmed. In addition, cadmium or nickel stress increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline contents in Zea mays L. roots and shoots, while decreased total soluble protein. Under both stresses, Padina pavonica was the most effective modulator among the three in decreasing the MDA concentration in metal treated maize tissues almost to control levels. However, the three modulators did not induce a recovery in total protein content in maize tissues. Thus, data presented in this work suggests that the brown algae Padina pavonica represent an efficient class in phytoremediation technology. Key words: Heavy metals, Bioremediation, Padina pavonica, antioxidants

الغامدي ، مها علي سعيد

الثبيتي ، نورة ساعد محمد

Nanoparticles are particles in the range size 1-100 nm with a surrounding interfacial layer. The interfacial layer is an integral part of nanoscale matter, fundamentally affecting all of its properties. The interfacial layer typically consists of ions, inorganic and organic molecules. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have been widely used in various biological fields, such as in cosmetics, food additives, and drug delivery, cell imaging, and in cancer therapy. ZnO NPs are added to sunscreens and facial creams to provide protection against skin damage by ultraviolet radiations. Their nanoscale size confers to them unique physical, chemical, and biological properties and functionality, which make them desirable for commercial and medical applications. Zinc oxide is an important compound in nanoscale industries but the toxicity assessment of these substances is increasing as cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of these substances have been reported. The toxicity of nanomaterials is suggested by oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, disruption of cell membranes and subsequent cell death. Tribulus terrestris plant is an important medicinal herb because it has many advantages. It has been shown to strengthen the heart muscles, reduce cholesterol, improve muscle activity, lower blood pressure, and increase the efficiency of sports performance. The plant extract and its active substance (tribulin) has an active role in the regeneration of cells. The study used WISH cell line as a model to assess cytotoxicity and genotoxicity due to exposure ZnONPs and the possible amelioration of T. terrestris plant extract in WISH cell as compared to an untreated group (control group). Five different treatment groups using different applications of ZnO-NPs and T. terrestris plant extract in triplicates of samples. The used doses were equivalent to the resulted IC50 of each NPs and plant extract. To achieve our objectives we studied cell viability, apoptosis, cell kinetics and induction response of some genes as stress molecular markers (SOD1, and CYP1A1), apoptosis marker (BCl2), and epithelial cell adhesion molecular marker (EPCAM gene). The current study resulted in a significant decrease of cell viability at high concentration of ZnO-NPs an increase in apoptosis and arrest of vial cells at the G1- G0 phase with the decrease in cell numbers at S and G2-M phases. Through these results, we can conclude the toxicity of ZnO NPs on WISH cell line and the amelioration role of T. terrestris fruit extract. Our study recommends further in vitro and in vivo experiments to confirm the present hypothesis.

الجعيد، منى فهد

Our intention in this thesis is to divide its contents into two main portions. The rst is considered to some ex- tent as a survey of the results appearing in the literature equipped with brief sketches of proofs. Following this way, we hope that the reader may be lightened through a few steps into the main original proofs. This will occupy the second, the third and the fourth chapters. The second portion is devoted to presenting our results that have been gotten through working in the thesis. The results obtained may constitute specic extensions of some results appear- ing in the literature by a number of authors.

الباكستاني، طارق عبدالمطلب عزيز الرحمن

A collection of 162 Enterobacteriaceae isolates resistant to one or more third-generation cephalosporins (30 human isolates, 112 animal isolates and 20 food isolates) was examined. Phenotypic resistance using the disc diffusion method indicated that 72% of the isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic. Multiple drug resistance was observed in 72% of the isolates. The results of double disk diffution test detected ESBLs-producer in 30 human and 84 animal and 19 food isolates. A total of 24 (18.0%) isolates were confirmed to be positive for AmpC beta-lactamase, metallo beta-lactamase was in 1 (0.8%) and 81.2% isolates of ESBLs producer alone was 108, respectively. Among AmpC–producers, 24 samples were inducible AmpC producers. Co-production of AmpC along with ESBLS and MBL beta-lactamase was reported in 0.6% and 14.8% isolates, respectively. In this study 46 isolates (21.7%) of the human isolates (n = 10), (52.2%) of the animal isolates (n = 24) and (26.1%) of the food isolates (n=12) were confirmed as ESBLs-producers by multiplex PCR. Predominant ESBL types were CMY (21.8%), CTXM1 (10.3%), CTXM2 4(5.1%), CTXM4 (1.3%), TEM (29.5%), DHA (1.3%), OXA (3.8%), SHV (7.7%), and CAMPC (16.7%). Subtype blaCTX-M-2, and blaCTX-M-4 was found almost exclusively in human and not in animal and food isolates. In conclusion, data presented in this thesis indicated that animals and food of animal origins in Taif province, Saudi Arabia, are colonized by ESBL-resistant Enterobactericeae. This support the hypothesis that non-human sources could be a source of ESBL/AMPC-producing bacteria in humans.

البقمي، نورة ثعيل سرور

Radiochromic films are used in radiotherapy as a dosimeter. Their applications have been expanded and covered environmental, industrial and other nonclinical applications. The color of these films are changed in proportion to the absorbed dose caused by film exposure to ionizing radiation. Positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) is a powerful technique that was used to study the structural changes of various types of materials and to probe the defects and open-volumes in these materials. The PAS is based on the detection of γ-ray annihilation radiation after implantation of positrons in studied samples. Useful information about the electronic environment around the annihilation site can be obtained with these γ rays. This study aims to apply unprecedentedly positron annihilation lifetime (PAL) and positron annihilation Doppler broadening (PADB) spectroscopy techniques to radiochromic dosimetry films through the measurements of the PAL (τi and Ii) and DB line–shape (S and W) parameters of the MD–55 and HD–V2 films irradiated with different γ absorbed doses. In addition, this work aims to obtain information about the structural changes in these films due to γ irradiation and to search for correlations between the measured PAL and PADB parameters and the optical densities of the irradiated MD–55 and HD–V2 films. The DB line–shape S-and W-parameters were measured using a γ-ray spectrometer employing a p–type HPGe detector with an energy resolution of 1.6 keV for 1.33 MeV gamma line of 60Co and relative efficiency of 25%. The PAL measurements were performed using a fast-fast coincidence spectrometer employing two fast plastic scintillation detectors coupled with Ortec modules. The results and conclusions derived from the present study can be summarized as follows: 1. The behavior of the DB line–shape S- and W-parameters was successfully related to the different structures of the active components of MD–55 and HD–V2 films. 2. A possible linear correlation was found between The values of S– parameter and OD for both film types. 3. The linear relation between the S- and W-parameters indicates that the defects in active layers of films have the same structure in spite of the difference of their cross-linking densities. 4. The dependence of the PAL parameters upon the microstructures of the active (radiosensitive) layers of MD–55 and HD–V2 films was observed. 5. The derived PAL parameter fv can be used to investigate the response behavior and to define the limit of the dynamic dose range of the radiochromic films. 6. The results of this work suggested that the performance of the HDV2 films may be improved by increasing the thickness of the film active layer, by adding another component to the active layer or by changing the proportions of the atomic constituents of this sensor layer (with keeping the film technical feature of near tissue equivalent) to weak the strong effect of γ irradiation upon this layer at the binning of the film dynamic dose range. 7. The results of the optical and PAS measurements indicate that the effect of the γ and electrons irradiation with equal doses on the HDV2 radiochromic films is almost same. 8. The PADB and PAL spectroscopy techniques are a powerful tool to probe the structural features of the active layer of the γ irradiated MD–55 and HD–V2 radiochromic films.

القرني، ريم محمد عايض

Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil is of high economic value; it is widely used in several industries. Variation in essential oils yield and chemical composition is affected by the geographical region and the extraction method. Therefore, there is a growing interest in developing more efficient extraction methods that maintain the activity of chemical components of the oil. Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation extraction is a promising technique for extraction of essential oils. The purpose of this study is to study the effect of hydrdistillation and microwave-assisted hydrodistillation extraction methods on the yield and chemical structure of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil. Rosmarinus officinalis L. were collected from five different geographical regions is Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA); Abha, Asir, Al-Baha, Taif-Al- Hada, and Taif-Al-Haweya. The obtained oils were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using Gas chromatography-Mass Spectrometer to identify the components of the oils obtained using each method. Both methods identified a total of 44 compounds, the major compounds were Eucalyptol (P-Cineol) (44.68-25.70%), α-Pinene (22.68-7.48%),Camphor (13.74-3.48%), Bornyl Acetate (13.57-1.09%), Borenol (10.39-5.54%), Camphen (7.32-3.26%). Results also indicated that the geographic location and the environment influenced in chemical composition of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil. So, we recommend further study on other plants grown in KSA.

النفيعي ، نورة عيضة عائض

Currently known to many foods and spices and dried materials which are used as food for humans are saved by exposing them to appropriate doses of gamma rays to keep it as long as possible by keeping the structure of this food. This study aims to irradiate mint, tea , blackpepper using gamma radiation to different doses(10,20,30 Gry) and study the effect of this dose on some compounds, such as total phenolic content and flavonoids. The concentration of the compounds was masured by spectrophotometer at speafic wave length ,the effect of gamma rradiation on the structute of there compounds was investigated using IR , it was concluded from this work that there are no effect on the concentration and structure up to 20 Gry and there are mainly changes in concentration and structure after irradiation at (20-30 Gry)

الذبياني ، مشاعل عبد الرحمن

The consumption olive in our Arab country is very high so, we have in our country a lot of olive stones. The olive stones can be used to treat the radioactive isotopes in waste. Though, converting the olive stones to activated carbon (AC) by different methods. The reuses of the waste such as olive stones was a positive impact on the environmental and economy of the country. This study was use activated carbon (AC) prepared from the olive stones by different methods. There are two methods were to use activated carbon from olive stones that is chemically activated with phosphoric acid: the first method: activation the olive stones at 500 °C and the second method: activation the olive stones at 800 °C. The activated carbon (AC) which characterized by using different chemical analysis as EDX, FT-IR, SEM, TGA and XRD. The results of analysis indicated that the activated carbon (AC) which prepared by the second method was the best one. The activated carbon (AC) was used to removal radioactive waste to obtain the optimum conditions for high percent for removal radioactive waste as weight of activated carbon (AC), volume of waste and incubation time. The high percent of removal using 0.2 gm of activated carbon (AC), 5 ml of radioactive waste and incubation time 24 hours at room laboratory. Therefore, we recommended using activated carbon (AC) for removal of radioactive waste in clinical lab of hospital and atomic energy Authority.

الشهري ، أسماء زايد

Function spaces has proved as an interesting flourishing area of research for many mathe-maticians and physicists . In the present thesis , some new classes of weighted Banach function spaces are introduced. The new classes can be used to the subject of complex functional analysis and its applications. Using the new concepts, some essential properties of functions belonging to the new defined classes are studied. Key classes are weighted Bloch classes and weighted Besov classes of analytic functions. Some new operators are also defined and studied between certain classes of weighted function spaces. The new results involved new and general aspects for the theory of analytic functions in the unit disc as well as in the unit ball of Cm

الشهري، هناء علي

This study presents an investigation of aspects of English–Arabic codeswitching on the contemporary, technologically advanced communication platform “WhatsApp.” The use of English side by side with Arabic by Arabic speakers may include a number of purposes involving cultural and rhetorical factors. Furthermore, English speaking may be characterized by the synthesis of ideas, exaggeration of superlatives, and directness. Despite the vast research on code-switching, however, few studies have yet been carried out on online communication platforms, such as social media and instant messaging (IM) applications. Much research on English-Arabic code-switching has focused on the spoken word. In contrast, the present research went beyond previous work by focusing on code-switching among Saudi teenagers as they use the instant communication platform “WhatsApp” on a daily basis. The study analyzed 21 WhatsApp conversations collected from teenagers aged 18–20 years to identify the various types of code-switching in use. Questionnaires were collected from 54 respondents and interviews of 9 students were carried out with the aim of establishing the motivations behind code-switching, the factors that affect it, and its functions among Saudi teenagers. The 21 documented conversations were analyzed on a case-by-case basis involving relevant cross-examination to establish the type and level of code-switching in use. Questionnaires completed by the 54 teenagers were analyzed to establish the prevalence, motivations, and functions of code-switching among the respondents, with a focus on WhatsApp. The outcomes showed that there were various types of code-switching in use, such as situational, metaphorical, intersentential, and intrasentential code-switching, as well as congruent lexicalization. The functions of code-switching ranged from enhancing prestige to elitism, educational, economic, cultural, and social functions. This study is part of a growing body of research on the prevalence of code-switching among teenagers, particularly on online messaging platforms and social media sites. In including the population of Saudi teenagers, who are largely attending high-school, the outcome of the research will not only add to the knowledge in the field of code-switching but also influence educational policy on the direction of communication professionalism in Saudi Arabia.

القثامي ، بدرية سعود عنيزان

Foeniculum vulgare (Apiaceae) commonly known as fennel is a well known and important medicinal and aromatic plant widely used as carminative, digestive, lactogogue and diuretic and in treating respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders. Its seeds are used as flavourings in baked goods, meat and fish dishes, ice cream, alcoholic beverages and herb mixtures. Studies on environmental physiology of medicinal plants are relatively scarce and very few information is available concerning the physiological basis of fennel response to salinity. The main objective in this work is to study the polyamines contents and the changes of polyamine genes expression in fennel seedlings in response to combined effects of salinity (NaCl 100 mM) and gibberellic acid (3 µM). The physiological results indicate that salt-induced restriction of growth and mineral nutrition in radicles, hypocotyls and cotyledons. This effect was partly alleviated in seedlings subjected to combined effect of GA3 and NaCl. Membrane permeability revealed damages to membranes in both radicles and shoots of seedlings salt-treated. Combined treatment salt/GA3 restored the damages but variably between the different organs. Peroxidase and catalase activities exhibited a decrease or an increase depending on treatments and organs. The level of the three main polyamines putrescine, spermidine, and spermine increased in fennel seedlings salt-treated. However, priming with GA3 was very effective in decreasing PAs contents in salt-stressed seedlings when compared with control. Transcriptome profiling of the PA-biosynthetic gene by semi-quantitative RT- PCR revealed that, in control conditions, the mRNA accumulation of SAMDC1 and ODC1 was the most abundant transcripts. Thus, SAMDC1 expressed in all fennel seedlings and ODC1 expressed only in shoot. The response of PAs genes to salt stress was different. In some cases, up-regulation has been observed for SPMS1, ODC1 and ADC1 only in shoot and down-regulation for SAMDC1 only in radicle. Combined salt / GA3 treatment revealed different results, only ODC1 in shoot and ADC1 in both radicle and shoot were overexpressed. No change in transcript abundance for other genes compared to salt treatment. All these results showed that fennel seedlings were sensitive to NaCl, 100 mM. This sensitivity was alleviated when GA3 applied as seeds priming and combined with NaCl resulting in a decrease in PA contents. Therefore, the beneficial effects of GA3- priming can be attributed to its effect on hormonal homeostasis and ionic uptake (within radicles and shoots) in the salt-stressed fennel seedlings

الذويبي، تغريد محمد مستور

This study aimed to compare the different available methods for detection of human cytomegalovirus antibodies and determine the most accurate and sensitive method. During this study were collected approximately 150 samples from newborn through neonatal program for early discovery of thyroid disease in Taif governorate at a period between May,2015 till October ,2015. All samples underwent for the detection of IgG and IgM for HCMV antibodies by using CLIA , ELISA , ELFA and MAB test. The results showed , that CLIA is the best method for detection HCMV antibodies where was sensitivity (97.7%) , specificity (99%) and accuracy (99.6%) , followed by ELISA where was sensitivity (96%) , specificity (97%) and the accuracy (96.6%).

الثقفي ، أغاريد صالح

القرشي، تركية ضاوي متروك

The main objective of this thesis is to approximate solutions for some nonlinear partial differential equations including: homogeneous Korteweq de -Vries equation (Kdv), Hirote satsuma Kdv, Hierarchy kp equation, integral nonlinear KP equation using some approximate methods such that:  Reduced differential transforms method (RDTM),  Optimal q-homotopy analysis method (Oq-HAM),  Fractional reduced differential transform method (FRDTM). These methods are used to find the approximate analytical solution of nonlinear partial differential equations, we note that these proposed roads or wrong and very efficient computationally it does not require complex mathematical tool and the software packages used in the program is Mathematica 9.