العتيبي، مشاعل مفرح دليم

This study is concerned with the improvement of the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a supporting medium with the dye. The obtained solar cells were characterized in terms of their structure, optical and photovoltaic properties. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) were utilized to investigate the structure and morphology of the obtained samples. Spectrophotometer was used to study the optical properties of the dyes used in this study. Finally, the I-V characteristics of the constructed cells were measured. The results have shown that there is no significant change in the structure upon the addition of PEG to the dye. On the other hand, the measured absorption showed no change of the absorption edge for all PEG concentrations with some changes in the absorption intensity. The photovoltaic effect was observed to change upon the addition of PEG to some extent. The efficiency of the obtained DSCs increased by about 44% (from 1.86% to 4.25%) with the increase of PEG concentration from 1 wt% to 8 wt%. This can be attributed to the help of the polymer as a polar material with the dye for generating more electrons and decreasing the recombination rate in the DSCs. However, addition of more PEG more than 8 wt% has shown a revers effect in the cell with a decrease in the power conversion efficiency. This was attributed to the decrease of the absorbance centers within the cell by the domination of the polymer, which could lead to a decrease in the electron density transferred to the anode and let the recombination to take place more effectively.

البقمي، مشاعل حباب سعد

In studying the effect of rate of flow of argon gas on the characterization and investigation of the optical properties of samarium oxide Sm2O3 thin fils, five thin films of Sm2O3 of thickness 200 nm were prepared under different rate of flow of the gas (1 sccm, 5 sccm, 7 sccm, 10 sccm and 20 sccm). X-ray diffraction pattern of the as-prepared five thin films showed two obvious peaks followed by amorphous background . The height of the two peaks is increasing with increasing the rate of flow indicating that the growth of the grain is increased. The grain size (D) was estimated using Scherrer formula. The estimated D was found to be in the range 10.5 to 12.5 μm. The scanning electron micrograph showed increasing the grain size with increasing the rate of flow . The spectral behavior of the transmittance T showed a sharp increase of the transmittance through the range of the applied photon wave length 288 – 365 nm with increasing the rate of flow. The intensity of the transmittance were 88.5%, 89.3%, 90.3%, 90.5% and 91.1% for the rates 1 sccm, 5 sccm, 7 sccm, 10 sccm, and 20 sccm, respectively, indicating that the transmittance increase slightly with increasing the rate of flow. The reflectance was found to behave as reverse of the behavior of the transmittance. It is seen that both the absorption coefficient and extinction coefficient decreased with increasing the photon wavelength through the range of wavelength 288 – 365 nm and seemed to be unaffected at wavelengths beyond this range which is consistent with the results of transmittance. The values of Urbach tail Eu was found to be 0.285, 0.205, 0.216, 0.229 and 0.198 eV indicating that it has a trend of decrease with increasing the rate of flow. The direct allowed optical energy gap Eg found to increase slightly in the range from 4.25 eV to 4.33 eV with increasing the rate of flow from 1 sccm to 20 sccm, respectively. The refractive index was found to behave as a normal dispersion and decreased with increasing the rate of flow. The variation of ε1 follows the same trend as the real part of refractive index whereas the variation of ε2 mainly follows the behavior of k which is related to the variation of α with photon energy. It was found that the dissipation factor decreases with increasing in the wavelength for all the considered films. The plasma frequency and the ratio of the carrier concentration to effective mass were found to decrease with increasing the rate of flow. Both of the single oscillator energy and dispersion energy were found to increase with increasing the rate of flow. Studying the optical conductivity it showed that it increases with increasing the rate of flow. In studying the effect of the pressure of the gas (20 psi, 40 psi, and 60 psi) on the optical properties of Sm2O3, it was found that the optical transmittance spectra show that the Sm2O3 thin films are highly transparent in nature as its transparency is about 95% where it increases slightly with increasing the pressure of the gas. The optical energy gap was found to have the values of 4.395 eV, 4.392 eV, and 4.315 eV for the gas pressure 20 psi, 40 psi and 60 psi, respectively, indicating a slight decrease with increasing the pressure or independent of the pressure of the gas more or less. On the mean time, Urbach tail was found to increase with increasing the pressure of the gas. The refractive index was found behave as normal dispersion in the visible rang of frequency and it decreases with increasing the pressure of the gas. Our results revealed that the single oscillator energy, dispersion energy, ratio of carrier concentration to effective mass are found to increase with increasing the pressure of the gas. The optical conductivity seems to be independent of the pressure of the gas; whereas it increases with increasing the energy of the incident photons.

السفياني ، تهاني عبد الرحمن

The present study was an attempt to evaluate the toxic effect of Acetaminophen alone and its combinations with either Silymarin or Nigella sativa extract. It is well known that Silymarin and Nigella sativa extract have been reported to be an effective antioxidant, therefore, the present study aimed to elucidate the possible ameliorative effect of Silymarin or Nigella sativa extract in reducing the toxicity of acetaminophen (paracetamol drug) when given to normal mice. This was done through studying the effects of acetaminophen on some liver, kidney function parameters, lipogram, male sex hormones as well as, reproductive performance and testosterone level, antioxidant enzyme activities, immunological parameters (TNF-α), as well as histopathological changes in vital organs (liver, Testis) beside TEM for liver sections of different groups. The use of supportive natural compounds like Nigella sativa extract, Silymarin and their combinations with acetaminophen was also evaluated in normal mice in order to get the best and safer treatment for hazardous side effects of acetaminophen.

الزايدي ، شروق محمد

Boronate affinity chromatography (BAC) is an important tool for specific capture and separation of cis-diol containing compounds such as glycoproteins, RNA, and carbohydrates. Only a few reports on monolithic column-based BAC have appeared. In this study, Boronate affinity monolith, poly(3-acrylamidophenylboronicacid-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) (AAPBA-co-EDMA), was prepared in glass tube by a one-step in-situ polymerisation procedure using a pre-polymerisation mixture consisting of functional monomer (3-acrylamidophenylboronicacid), cross-linker (ethylene dimethacrylate), porogenic solvent (methanol with poly ethylene glycol), and initiator (2,2-Dimethoxy-2-phenyle-acetophenone). A macroporous monolith was obtained after the systematic optimisation of preparation conditions. Then, the fabricated monolithic materials were characterized using different analytical techniques such as SEM/EDX analysis, and FT-IR spectroscopy. Finally, the obtained boronate monolith was used as a sorbent for selective enrichment of cis-diol containing compounds that was carbohydrates, nucleosides, and catechol.

الجعيد ، ريما عتيق

Two different biomimetic sensors were prepared by a modification of carbon paste electrode with two different iron (III) complexes] NTB-Fe(Cl)2[ Cl and ] Tp MeMe FeCl2[ . The modified electrochemical sensors have been characterized by electronic microscope (SEM). The electrochemical behavior of the obtained biomimetic sensors 1 and 2 has been studied by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Square wave voltammetry has also been used for the direct electrochemical determination of acrylamide. The effect of different experimental parameters such as the type of supporting electrolyte and the solution pH has been investigated on the peak height of the prepared biomimetic sensors. The effect of acrylamide addition to the peak current signals for the obtained biomimetic sensors was examined. By increasing acrylamide concentration, the peak current signals for the obtained biomimetic sensors decreased. Using the optimum conditions, the prepared biomimetic sensors have been applied for the determination of acrylamide in different food samples collected from the supermarkets in Taif city, KSA.

الجودي ، هند سليمان

Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are characterized with high specific energy, high efficiency and long life and hence are common power source for a wide variety of electronic devices, but the cost and toxicity of many cathode materials limit their scale-up. Worldwide research efforts are addressing this concern by transitioning from conventional Co- and Ni-based intercalation hosts towards the more environment friendly alternatives Fe- and Mn-based intercalation cathodes. In this work, maghemite which is iso-structural to spinel ferrites and essentially based on iron oxide which is a very cheap and naturally abundant compound undergoes structural modifications in order to achieve technologically relevant Li-ion storage capacities. Pentavalent (V5+) and hexavalent (Mo6+) doped maghemite nanoparticles were synthesized by sol-gel processing whereas the high valancy of the dopant cations provided a large population of defect sites inside the maghemite structure. These vacancies provide physical sites for Li-ion storage and hence they increase the electrochemical reactivity of the oxide, allowing to achieve high Li-ion capacities. Synchrotron radiation was used in recording high quality diffraction patterns of the prepared samples which were carefully refined using the Rietveld refinement method to obtain detailed structural and micro structural information and to reveal their relations to the concentrations of the dopant metal cations. The magnetic properties of the pure and doped maghemite samples were studied from the M-H loops measured using the method of vibrating sample magnetometer. The obtained saturation magnetization is used to study the distribution of the cations over the different crystal lattice sites and provided similar results to those previously obtained from the Rietveld refinements of the XRD patterns. Other magnetic properties were explained in the light of the cation distributions recovered from the structural studies with Synchrotron radiation diffraction and which matches with the corresponding distribution obtained from the analysis of the saturation magnetization. Other techniques like ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and HRTEM microscopy were exploited to support the results obtained from the XRD and magnetization measurements and to provide complementary information about the nature and composition of the studied maghemite materials. Finally, all the studied properties were correlated to the structure and micro structure of the prepared maghemite materials with various levels of doping with pentavalent and hexavalent metal cations. It has been shown that, increasing the doping level with both pentavalent and hexavalent cations increases the cation vacancy content than the natural level in pure maghemite and the vacancies on the octahedral sites are nearly twice that on the tetrahedral sites. Moreover, the study showed that Mo6+ show no site preference and distribute on both octahedral and tetrahedral sites indifferently; wherease V5+ strongly prefers the octahedral sites and is rarely found on octahedral ones. The current work is presented in five chapters. The first chapter introduce the concept of LIBs including their components and materials used in their production with focus on the materials used in intercalation cathodes. In the second chapter, the magnetism in ferrite materials is discussed with light thrown on the spinel ferrites. The main characterization technique of materials involved in this study is X-ray diffraction (XRD) is discussed with attention in the third chapter. The description of the methodologies and devices and other experimental techniques are detailed in chapter four. The obtained results are presented and discussed on the fifth chapter. Conclusions and recommendations are also appended to the work.

اليامي، أريج علي فارس

The objective of the present work is to investigate the optical properties of Se100-xTex (x=0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 35 in md %) films. A bulk chalcogenide glasses of Se100-xTex were fabricated first by quenching technique and used as a source to preparing amorphous thin films via thermal evaporation method. The optical constants of these films have been determined by variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry (VASE) method using a photon energy range of 0.73 to 5.06 eV at room temperature. The spectrum of imaginary parts of dielectric for all films is characterized by several peaks one group of linear combination of oscillators were employed for the analysis of these spectrums. This group consist from one Tauc–Lorentz oscillators with two or three Gaussian oscillator (1TL+nG) .This group of models gives accurate fit to the experimental data. The effect of Te content on the refractive index, extension coefficient and models’ parameters (Lorentz oscillator amplitude, resonance energy, oscillator width, optical band gap, and Urbach energy) are discussed

عسيري ، أحلام محمد

الغريبي _ أفنان علي عبدالله

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of coxsackievirus and echovirus antibodies among neonates screened for thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) of Taif Governorate. Methods: A total of 80 cord blood samples were included in this study for screening of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), coxsackievirus and echovirus antibodies by using ELISA test in neonates of Taif Governorate during the period from January 2018 till May 2018. Samples were classified according to TSH antibodies level into two main groups; diseased group (high TSH) and control group (normal TSH). Result: In the control group, of 40 cases, 10 (25%) samples were positive for coxsackievirus IgG and only 3 (8%) samples were positive for coxsackievirus IgM but without any evidence of clinical infection. All samples of the control group were negative for either echovirus IgG or IgM. In the diseased group, of 40 cases, only 10 (25%) samples were positive for coxsackievirus IgM but without any evidence of clinical infection and no samples were positive for coxsackievirus IgG. All samples of the diseased group were negative for either echovirus IgG or IgM. The study revealed a significant correlation between TSH status and coxsackievirus exposure. Conclusion: This study declared that no antibodies had been detected for either echovirus IgM or echovirus IgG. The prevalence of coxsackievirus (12.5% for Cox IgG and 16.25% for Cox IgM) is very low among children neonates of Taif governorate when compared to the global prevalence rate.

الهلالي، هيفاء فهد محمد

The Central venous catheters understudy were number 30 from Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICUs), each CVCs Cannula samples were cut into four parts (A, B, C and D), each about (15-16) millimeter (mm), part A; parts (B, C and D "Hup"). The bacterial biofilm were confirmed by Electron Microscope in part (A) samples. The bacterial growth were in (D, B and C); (25.6, 17.8 and 14.4%); Gram-positive revealed 86.8% and Gram-negative13.2%. The most common of Bacterial biofilm; Staphylococcus (hominis, epidermidis, haemolyticus, capitis and warneri). Enterococcus faecium, Bacillus species, pumilus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candid albicans. The pathogenicity had done by antibiotics sensitivity test those conclusion-cleared factors could form the bacterial biofilm and access to bloodstream causing neonatal septicemia. The pre-mature neonates with low birth weight and some diseased, catheters types and hygienic measures, all help in formation of catheter biofilm. Isolation of bacteria from Cannula was human normal flora and soil, or poor hygienic measures that was dangerous to have bacteria antibiotic resistant. That recommended caring of pre-mature neonates; diseased might affected, do not use the long-time catheter, modification use recent catheter. Must create good hygienic measures healthy hospitals or medical center. keywords: The Central venous catheters؛ biofilm؛ septicemia

الثبيتي ، هيا محمد مسفر

Apple Mosaic Virus detected in some naturally infected apple, plum and Rosa damascena (Taif Rose) trees. ApMV found to woody spread in stone fruit and Rosa damascena (Taif Rose) growing in different locations Taif Governorate (Al-Shafa, Al-Hada and Qurwa .The ApMV was transmitted mechanically containing some material to several herbaceous plants but transmitted by grafting easily to different host plants . Studied the host range and symptoms of the ApMV isolates (AP,PL,RO) were tested which included seventeen hosts belonging to ten families. DAS-ELSIA and Dot Blot Immunoassay used detection ApMV that all three isolates for ApMV. The Electron microscopic examination of ultrathin sections obtained from leaves of apple plants (Malus domestica.cv Balady), examination indicated the cytological changes of ApMV an apple leaf tissue which were observed in the cells of mesophyll ultrathin section. RT-PCR based assay was applied for detection of the nucleic acid of Apple Mosaic Virus (ApMV-AP) in infected apple plants. The specific primers were used to amplify the full coat protein gene of ApM-AP. Amplified fragments at 817 bp. Pairwise comparisons of the nucleotide sequences gave identities ranging from 97% to 89% compare the molecular variation of the Apple Mosaic Virus- kingdom of Saudi Arabia isolate with that of other ApMV world isolates. ApMV Taif-KSA has ~ 97% similarity with India , Czech , Franc and Russia while ~ 95% with Germany. The ApMV was isolated in the gene bank under (KY488189) for the first time and compare the molecular variation of the ApMV- kingdom of Saudi Arabia isolate with other ApMV world isolates. Production of Apple Mosaic Virus –free pear and Rosa damascena (Taif Rose) tree plants by chemotherapy Virazole® Ribavirin(10,20,30)% mg/l . Indicated that in at concentration (20%) was effective in eliminating of ApMV (35%) in pear and (40%) in Rosa damascena (Taif Rose) but the higher concentrations of Ribavirin (30%) were phytotoxic for treated shoots of pear and Rosa damascena (Taif Rose).

مغربي ، آمال محمد عبد القادر

Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV) was isolated from naturally rose plants grown in differant locations in AL-Shafa, in Taif Governorate of Saudi Arabia. Virus isolate was propagated in Rosa damascena. The virus isolate was identified as PNRSV on basis of host range, virus stability, modes of transmission, serological and molecular biology studies. Study of host range which included different plant species belonging to ten different families revealed that reaction of different hosts differed according to tested virus. Data concerning modes of transmission of the isolated virus showed that PNRSV was mechanically and pollen transmitted. The validity of ELISA regents was determined by DBIA on nitrocellulose membrane where positive reaction was obtained. The RT-PCR products amplified from total RNA of Rosa damascena plants infected with PNRSV by specific primer PNRSV1 and PNRSV2. A cDNA fragment of 681 bp. The phylogenetic homology tree based on multiple sequence alignments showed that the PNRSV-RD /Taif-KSA )KY488188( has ~89% similarity with Canada (JQ005051), and Pch12 (jn416776) and from New- Zeland (EF3). Rosa damascena plants free of prunus necrotic ring spot virus PNRSV were produced by chemotherapy treatments, which known as virus inhibitors, as well as, eliminates of viruses present in the tissue. These components as Ribavirin (Virazole) gave 0.0, 10.0, 13.3% virus free plants determined using (ELISA) when Ribavirin added to the medium in the level of 10, 20, 30 mg/ L respectively whereas the infection of untreated plants (control) reached to 100%.

الفعر، محمد عبدالله

The protective action of salicylic acid (SA) and ascorbic acid (ASC) on linuron herbicide treated cucumber plant was studied by investigating leaf morphological appearance, leaf physiological activities and leaf cell ultrastructure. As an observable injury symptoms, spraying of linuron induced chlorosis and necroses of young and mature leaves that was recognized by eye observation and decreasing in chlorophylls and carotenoid contents. Linuron (150 μM) increased soluble carbohydrate, whereas soluble protein and total carbohydrate contents were decreased. Linuron significantly increased total amino acids, proline, and total phenolic compounds and malondialdehyde (MDA). Total antioxidant activities (TAA), peroxidase and ascorbate oxidase activities of cucumber leaves were gradually increased with increasing linuron suggested that stress generated by the herbicide treatments. Spraying of 50 μM SA or 50 μM ASC one day before 150 μM of linuron treated plants increased chlorophylls, total protein and ascorbate oxidase activity in comparison with those of 150 μM of linuron treated plants. In contrast, water content, carotenoid, proline, MDA, total phenolic compounds, TAA and peroxidase activity decreased in comparison with those of 150 μM linuron treated plants. The organization of thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts affected by 150 μM of linuron. Many vesicles and depletion of starch gains were occurred within chloroplasts. SA or ASC application partially reduced the disorganization of grana stacks of linuron treated cucumber. These results suggested that SA and ASC could be used as antioxidants and a stabilizer of membrane integrity to improve cucumber resistance against linuron herbicide .

الغامدي، سعاد حسن صالح

The present thesis was designed to utilize the pregnant mice as an in vivo model to compare the potential of date fruit extract in prevention the developmental toxicity of Ochratoxin A (OTA). Also, to determine the protective effects of date fruit extract on the genotoxicity, teratogenicity, biochemical and histopathological effects of OTA on the fetus and dam mice throughout the pregnancy period (at the end of organogenesis period, 13th day, and at the end of the pregnancy, day 19th). Five treatment groups included, control group, solvent group, group treated with OTA at 2 mg/ kg body wt. during organogenesis period (from 6th -12th day of pregnancy). The 4th group were treated orally with date extract at 8.75 mg/ kg body wt. throughout pregnancy (from day 0 – 18th day) and group five which was treated as group three and group four together. The results of experiments have proved effectiveness of Date palm extract to potentiate the toxicity induced by Ochratoxin A in the dam and fetus mice. The results showed significant changes caused by Ochratoxin A at the chromosomal aberration study in bone marrow of dam and fetus cells on 13th day of gestation. The teratological results also showed morphological changes in the fetus. In addition, structural abnormalities were observed in the skeletal system, weight reduction and high absorption level of fetuses in the OTA-treated groups compared to the control. Histological studies of hepatic and renal tissues showed some effectives in the both investigated tissues, which supported with biochemical results that show disturbance in the selected enzymes level. The results emerged for the groups treated with Date extract before injection of Ochratoxin A were proved effectiveness the Date extract as prevention of all previous negative effects and reduce their occurrence by high significant level.

المالكي ، حصة متعب

In this thesis we study pseudo structures for some types of alge- bra. In particular, we study BF -algebra and consider its extensions; pseudo BF -algebra and pseudo BF ∗-algebra. Then we study the algebraic properties of pseudo BF -algebra and pseudo BF ∗-algebra and find the relation between pseudo BF -algebra and pseudo BF ∗- algebra with some other classes of algebras (e.g., pseudo BCK- algebra, right-pseudo MV -algebra and right-pseudo BL-algebra). Moreover, we show that pseudo BF -algebra and pseudo BF ∗-algebra are a bounded lattice-ordered.