فته ، عبير محمد صالح

In this study 100 samples of chicken eggs and 100 samples of chicken liver were collected for an average study of Salmonella, which is one of the main causes of intestinal infection. Bacteria were isolated 30 isolates : 21 isolates from eggs and 9 from liver. After their defined , the most prevalent serogroupe was Salmonella Enteritidis 66.6% of the isolates and Salmonella Typhi was 33.3%. The sensitivity of the strains was tested against 16 antibiotic. Approximately 86% of the isolates demonstrated multiple- resistance , of which 6.6% and 3.3% were resistant to three and four antimicrobial types, respectively. A large proportion of the isolates were 90% resistant to ampicillin,93.3% nalidexic acid, 86.6% sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim and tetracycline. Out of 30 Salmonella isolates, 13 were Extended spectrum β-Lactamases (ESβL) when detected phenotypically by Cefinase with a rate of 43.3 %. PCR technique was conducting for detection of the inv A gene in 30 isolates and all isolates were positive for this gen..

الصخيري ،أمينة عوض عواض

In this thesis, we addressed many effective methods to solve a set of nonlinear partial ‎differential equations have significance in mathematical physical phenomena, and thank Allah ‎we have reached the results.‎ Firstly, we improved the extended trial equation method to ‎obtain the exact solution to the ‎‎(3+1) dimensional Gardner nonlinear integro-partial differential equations. Secondly, we improved the extended Fan’s method to obtain several types of ‎traveling wave solutions of nonlinear IDE's. This study has developed several numbers of traveling wave solutions of nonlinear Ito IDE's ‎by substituting values of the parameter hi At the end, we addressed in this thesis the (G'/G, 1/G)- expansion method, it is ‎one of the ‎direct methods to solve the nonlinear partial differential ‎equations

الخماش ، سلمى عيد

القثامي، دخيل الله عايض عوض الله

In this thesis, under some conditions, we prove that for any ring extension B of a ring A, if a right A-module M is an s-star module, then M ⊗A B is an s-star B-module, and we prove that the converse holds. As well prove that for any ring extension B of a ring A, if a right A-module M is a ∗s-module, then M ⊗A B is a ∗s-module in Mod-B.

العصيمي ، مها عبيد

The diarrhoea is one serious symptom associated with Gastroenteritis may be leading to a death of children. The high-altitude may had an effect, according to Highland medicine, there is a strong relationship between high-altitude and the diseases such as upper risk disturbances of hypothermia and gastro-intestinal diseases. This study identified access the scientific knowledge of diarrhoea, its bacterial causes and the effect ranges of the high altitude on some bacterial etiology of diarrhoea in children. That was through the study of symptoms and diagnosis for cases in the pediatric department in Taif city public hospitals. Taif city is area at high-altitude above sea level, therefore the residents might expose to climatic conditions that help the microbial infections. The comparison of Taif city data with Makkah city which is normal-altitude and considered as low land to Taif city. In addition, study the sequences of 16S rRNA and the determination of phylogenetic relationships among chosen isolates. This study was carried on in the government hospitals in Taif and Makkah cities during (Nov. 2015 - Jun. 2016). The study had been performed to compare some of bacterial etiology and symptoms associated with complaints of diarrhoea due to gastroenteritis among children which their age was between (2 to 12) years old, they were distributed into 3 group (2-4, 4-6 and 6-12) year. The total number of children enrolled in this study were 767 cases; (380 were from Taif and 372 cases were from Makkah). The results were concluded; the distribution of gastro-enteritis cases according to the age, there was an inverse relationship between gastro -enteritis and age groups F under study, and the highest percentage of cases was in Taif until the age of (6-12) years, it was observed in Makkah was higher. The distribution of gastro-enteritis cases according to the sex, the rate of cases for females was higher than the males of both cities, and was observed a higher cases of females in Makkah than Taif. The highest percent of males was in Taif compared with Makkah. The difference in the total of cases with diarrhoea of children gastro-enteritis where it was higher in Taif than Makkah city. The distribution of gastro-enteritis cases according to the clinical diagnosis for symptoms; (severe, moderate and mild), there was an increase in the number of cases in Taif from Makkah for severe and moderate symptoms, while mild symptoms were higher in Makkah for all age groups under study. The distribution of gastro-enteritis cases for each age separately to the total according to the clinical diagnosis, the difference between Taif and Makkah was found. The total distribution rate was higher in Taif except for the age group (6-12) years. The statistical analysis showed an increase in the rates of Taif from Makkah, but the cases of mild symptoms were in Makkah higher for the age groups (4-6 and 6-12) years. The results, based on the distribution of intestinal bacteria revealed the high incidence of infection in Taif compared to Makkah in the total and for all age groups. The distribution of bacterial spp in total bacterial enteropathogens, in ascending order in Taif were as (Campylobacter spp, Salmonella spp, Shigella spp and E. coli) respectively, while in Makkah were as (Salmonella spp, Shigella spp, Campylobacter spp and E. coli) respectively. The rate of all bacterial infection was higher in Taif than Makkah except (Campylobacter and E. coli). G The distribution of bacterial positive for enter-pathogens, in ascending order in Taif were as (Campylobacter spp, Salmonella spp, Shigella spp and E. coli) respectively, while in Makkah (Salmonella spp, Shigella spp, Campylobacter spp and E. coli) respectively, the rate of infection of all bacteria was higher in Taif than Makkah expet Campylobacter spp was equal in both cities . The results revealed the similarity percentage of 16S rRNA sequences for the selected isolates compared to those obtained . The results showed that the isolate strains were as (1, 2 and 3) were similar to (Shigella flexneri, E. coli, and Salmonella enterica), respectively. The isolation strain was 4 as Campylobacter was difficult to obtain the sequence of 16S rRNA genes, which gave a negative result, possibly due to poor growth and the death in sending preparation to Korea and Jeddah laboratory

القثامي، وسام بنت معلا

The thesis aimed to synthesize 2-aminothiophene derivatives and evaluate their biological activities against different human tumor cell lines. A set of novel targets (73-90) were synthesized based upon preparation of the newly 2-aminothiophene derivative (73) using Gewald methodology. Several functional reactions were performed under normal conditions, depending on the reactivity of the substituents attached to thiophene nucleus towards various nucleophiles. The chemical structures of the synthesized compounds were elucidated by various spectral analyses. The potential biological activities of the synthesized compounds were examined as antitumor agents against two human tumor cell lines namely; hepatocellular carcinoma (HEPG-2) and mammary gland breast cancer (MCF-7). All the compounds were found to inhibit the growth of both human tumor cell lines with variable degrees comparing with the reference control drug (Doxorubicin) and related to their chemical structures. An interesting computational study was carried out, predicting that all the investigated compounds had non-planar geometry. With the aid of the Frontier Molecular Orbital (FMO) study, the thiophene ring atomic charges exhibited that the sulfur and carbon atoms at positions 2 and 4 have positive charges while those at 3 and 5 positions have negative charges which found to be more reactive. Key words: 2-Aminothiophene; antitumor activity; Frontier Molecular Orbital; HEPG-2 cell line; MCF-7 cell lines.

القثامي ، وسام معلا

القثامي، وسام معلا

The thesis aimed to synthesize 2-aminothiophene derivatives and evaluate their biological activities against different human tumor cell lines. A set of novel targets (73-90) were synthesized based upon preparation of the newly 2-aminothiophene derivative (73) using Gewald methodology. Several functional reactions were performed under normal conditions, depending on the reactivity of the substituents attached to thiophene nucleus towards various nucleophiles. The chemical structures of the synthesized compounds were elucidated by various spectral analyses. The potential biological activities of the synthesized compounds were examined as antitumor agents against two human tumor cell lines namely; hepatocellular carcinoma (HEPG-2) and mammary gland breast cancer (MCF-7). All the compounds were found to inhibit the growth of both human tumor cell lines with variable degrees comparing with the reference control drug (Doxorubicin) and related to their chemical structures. An interesting computational study was carried out, predicting that all the investigated compounds had non-planar geometry. With the aid of the Frontier Molecular Orbital (FMO) study, the thiophene ring atomic charges exhibited that the sulfur and carbon atoms at positions 2 and 4 have positive charges while those at 3 and 5 positions have negative charges which found to be more reactive.

المالكي ، منى جمعان

The researchers had a major role in proposing many distributions to the statistical community which in turn helped to solve some of the problems that have affected the data and not represented well. In this thesis, this thesis proposes the distribution of a new life by reducing the model that introduced by (Almalki, and Yuan, 2013). The proposed new distribution has three parameters. It has a simple hazard function and the increasing shape takes its mathematical characteristics. Compared this distribution with some other distributions using real data, used multiple methods to find estimations and confidence Intervals such as the maximum likelihood estimator and Bayes estimate. In this thesis compared the methods. We concluding that show that the new model represents data well, especially if the sample size is not large and it is a flexible distribution. The thesis is divided into six chapters. The first chapter presents the main concepts used in the thesis as well as making a historical presentation of the most important subjects related to them and presenting the problem that we will address. In Chapter 2: A review of some continuous distributions and continuous modifications of the Weibull distribution where the hazard function takes the increasing form and some new reduced distributions in which the hazard function is of an increasing or increasing form, including the density function, the hazard function and their different forms, graphical tools for data analysis as well as some tests used in data analysis. In Chapter 3: The study of the new reduced distribution called the second reducing modified Weibull distribution (SRNMW), which has three parameters, the hazard function is increasing, showing all the mathematical and statistical characteristics of this distribution, including the density function, the hazard function, the order statistics, the moment and other characteristics. In Chapter 4: created the classical estimates of the new reduced distribution parameters based on real data and obtained periods of confidence as the maximum likelihood method and the method of bootstrap and simulation of this distribution. In Chapter 5: Bayes estimators for the second reducing new modified Weibull distribution are presented, as well as the reliability and hazard functions by using real data. The Bayes estimators cannot be obtained in explicit forms, So, approximate Bayes estimators are computed using the MCMC method, the simulation of the results was studied in order to study the efficiency of the methods used. In Chapter 6: In this section we will present a summary of the new results obtained in this thesis with the discussion of these results and also will be presented some of the future work through which this research can be developed, if any.

القحطاني ، سارة علي محسن

Over the years many researchers have proposed modifications from Weibull distribution, we provide a review of the reduced modifications and study some of its properties. This thesis introduces a new two-parameter lifetime distribution with bathtub-shaped hazard function, by reducing the model (RMW) with three parameters provided by Almaliki (2018). Some mathematical properties of distribution including hazard function, moments and order statistics are discussed. Calculated the maximum likelihood estimation, bootstrap and Bayesian estimations, then, we compare the results of different methods. We applied the reduced model to real datasets and it observed that the reduced model can provide a better fit than some other known distributions. The thesis consists of six chapters: In Chapter 1: Introduction and background of the thesis. In Chapter 2: The first part provides a review of continuous modifications of the Weibull distribution and some modern reduced distributions with two or three parameters, including their probability density and hazard functions and their shapes are presented. The second part introduces estimation methods, some tests for data analysis and goodness of fit are discussed. In Chapter 3: Introduces a new two-parameter modification of the Weibull distribution, called as new reduced lifetime (NRD) distribution. The shapes of its probability density and hazard rate functions are investigated. A method to simulate a random sample from this distribution is presented. Some of the mathematical properties of the NRD are studied including moments, moment generating function and order statistics. The maximum likelihood estimation of the proposed distribution is discussed. Different real datasets are used to compare the flexibility of the reduced version versus other lifetime distributions that have the same shape of hazard function. In Chapter 4: We consider the problem of frequentist estimation of the parameter, reliability and hazard functions of the NRD distribution based on a lifetime data. For this purpose, the MLE and bootstrap estimators are used. Exact and approximate confidence intervals for the two-parameters of the NRD distribution under lifetime data are discussed. Practical examples using real dataset are presented for illustrative our purposes. Results from the simulation study assessing the performance of our proposed method are included In Chapter 5: Bayes estimators for the NRD distribution are presented, as well as the reliability and hazard functions. The Bayes estimators cannot be obtained in explicit forms. Approximate Bayes estimators are computed using the MCMC method to generate from the posterior distributions. An analysis of real datasets is presented for illustrative our purposes. Results from the simulation study assessing the performance of our proposed method are included. In Chapter 6: In this chapter, we present a summary of the new results obtained in this research with a discussion of these results, and also some of the future work which through it this research can be developed.

العتيبي ، مها محسن

Simple, new and sensitive spectrophotometric method has been developed for the quantitative determination of metformin drug in pure form and in pharmaceutical formulation. The method was based on the formation of a colored complex between the drug and chloranilic acid(CLA), and measuring the absorbance of the complex solution at maximum absorption wavelength 505 nm. The conditions for complex formation were studied and optimized to obtain the highest absorbance possible. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of pure and commercial drug and the recovery study reveals that there is an interference from the common excipients that are present in tablets .The results obtained by the proposed method were compared with that obtained by a standard reference one. Statistical comparison of the results was performed with regard to accuracy and precision .The results proved that there is no significant difference regarding accuracy and precision, between the two compared methods. The results also showed that other π-acceptors namely picric acid (PA), PA ) chloranil (CHL),7,7',8,8'-tetracyanoquinodimethane(TCNQ),and dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone (DDQ)form colored complexes with metformin.

العتيبي، رنا فهد علط

This work is concerned with the improvement of dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) performance upon Al2O3-coating of the TiO2 electrode. A sol-gel technique, using Nitrate Nano-hydrate [Al(NO3)3•9H2O] as a precursor, ethanol (CH3CH2OH) as a solvent and Nitric Acid (HNO3) as a stabilizer, was applied to prepare a solution of suspended Al2O3 nano-particles. Single drops of the so-prepared Al2O3 solution at different precursor concentrations, in the range from 0 M to 0.5 M, were spin-coated onto TiO2 electrodes and sintered at 500 °C for 1h. The obtained Al2O3-coated TiO2 electrodes were then dye-loaded by immersing in 0.3 mM ethanol-based solution of N719-dye. The surface morphology of the uncoated and 0.2 M Al2O3-coated TiO2 films were measured using a FE-SEM, showing more porosity introduced by the Al2O3 coating layer, and the associated EDX spectra presented Al and O elements in the surface chemical composition of the Al2O3-coated film. The XRD spectra of the Al2O3-coated films contained peaks of FTO and TiO2 nanocrystalline films, but showed no trace associated with the Al2O3 coating; the 0.2 M Al2O3 single drop amount was too small to influence the original film structure. Optical band-gaps were determined from the transmittance and absorbance spectra for the Al2O3 and TiO2 films, resulting in a direct band-gap of 4eV for the Al2O3 film and an indirect band-gap of 3 eV for the TiO2 film. The photovoltaic characterization of the corresponding DSSCs revealed an increase in the efficiency upon Al2O3 coating from 3.27 % to 4.71 % (enhancement of 44%) at an optimal precursor concentration of 0.2 M. About 18 % of the efficiency enhancement is due to VOC increment of 0.1V resulting from doping upward shift of the Fermi-level by 0.1 eV, while 23 % of the efficiency enhancement is due to JSC increase following reduction of the electron recombination rate as a result of the energy barrier created by the Al2O3 coating layer. This interpretation was endorsed by the dark I-V characteristics and the transient VOC decays.

الزهراني ، جميلة محمد عيدان

The effect of reduced Graphene Oxide (Graphene) (RGO) on the Photovoitaic performance of TiO2-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) has been investigated. The different amounts of RGO (in mg) was mixed to one gram (1 g) of TiO2solution. The RGO content was varied in the range from 0 mg (pure TiO2) to 12 mg to form TiO2/RGO composite pastes before deposition as films on FTO (F-doped tin oxide)-coated glass substrates. The morphological, structural, optical and photovoltaic properties of the TiO2/ RGO films and corresponding DSSCs were studied as functions of the RGO content. Two regions were identified: The region of RGOcontents below 5 mg: The SEM images show morphology with flat and homogeneous surface and the TiO2 particles bridged and more or less covered by the RGO. The XRD spectra show no trace of the RGO due to its small content. The optical band-gap Eg of the TiO2/RGO film in this region decreases linearly with increasing RGO and the efficiency of the corresponding DSSC increases linearly. In fact, the decrease of Eg is accompanied with the lowering of the minimum level of the conduvtive band of the TiO2/RGO semiconductor and this must enhance the rate of injection of the photo-excited electrons from the dye. As a result, the photocurrent and the efficiency ƞ is increase. An improvement of ƞ by about 70% (from 2.3% to 4%) was observed at the optimal RGO content 5 mg . The region of RGO contents above 5 mg to 12 mg: The SEM images show morphology dominated in structure by the RGO which appears to form an envelope for the TiO2 particles with a very structured and random surface containing large cavities. The XRD spectra show a clear peak at 44°for the RGr associated with the (100) planes. The optical band-gap Eg of the TiO2/ RGO film in this region varies randomly with increasing RG O content and the efficiency ƞ of the corresponding DSSC falls back to the value of the pure TiO2 or less.

الزهراني، مرام جمعان رده

The objective of this study objective is to promote and prepare biogreases from waste cooking oil and banana peel which are representing the biomass wastes. The utilization of such wastes as raw materials for biogrease lead to significant cost saving. On the other hand, the identification and utilization of renewable source, such as waste cooking oil and banana peel, as green alternatives in lubricating grease is the key to promote the biode-gradable lubricants as the ultimate goal of this study. In this respect, WCO and Bp were analyzed and identified using different analytical tech-niques such as gas chromatography, infrared spectroscopy (IR), thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques, X-Ray Fluorescence, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and rheology behavior aiming to understand of chemical com-positions and their applicability to use as a raw material for biogrease. Biogrease was prepared based on WCO and BP as fluid part and filling agent respectively. The physicochemical properties of the prepared biogrease were determined using standard methods of analysis. These include penetration, dropping point, apparent viscosity, oxida-tion stability, total acid number and oil separation. Abstract iii It was evaluate and classified according to National Lubricating Grease Institute (NLGI). The results show about 85% to 67.5% of purified waste cooking oil and 10% to 30% of the treated banana peel are required to prepare biogrease with consistency NLGI 2. Also,the dropping point and oxidation stability tests of prepared biogrease are increasing with in-crease the treated banana peel. In oil separation test, the prepared biogreases show oil sep-aration ranged from 1.5% to 0.3 which indicates acceptable limits of NLGI requirements. Corrosion test for all prepared biogreases shows the results of 1a indicating the good per-formance of the raw materials; this confirmed with results of total acid number.In conclu-sion, results reveal that the waste cooking oil and banana peel used successfully in prepar-ing biogrease cost-effective, easily biodegradable and less hazardous. On other hand, they proved to be a good fluid, thickening and filing agents for the production of suitable envi-ronmental friendly grease according to National Lubricating Grease Institute (NLGI). Keywords: Lubrication, vegetable oil, waste cooking oil, agriculture waste, banana peels, biogreases.

الزهراني ، مرام جمعان

The objective of this study objective is to promote and prepare biogreases from waste cooking oil and banana peel which are representing the biomass wastes. The utilization of such wastes as raw materials for biogrease lead to significant cost saving. On the other hand, the identification and utilization of renewable source, such as waste cooking oil and banana peel, as green alternatives in lubricating grease is the key to promote the biode- gradable lubricants as the ultimate goal of this study. In this respect, WCO and Bp were analyzed and identified using different analytical tech- niques such as gas chromatography, infrared spectroscopy (IR), thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques, X-Ray Fluorescence, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and rheology behavior aiming to understand of chemical com- positions and their applicability to use as a raw material for biogrease. Biogrease was prepared based on WCO and BP as fluid part and filling agent respectively. The physicochemical properties of the prepared biogrease were determined using standard methods of analysis. These include penetration, dropping point, apparent viscosity, oxida- tion stability, total acid number and oil separation. Abstract iii It was evaluate and classified according to National Lubricating Grease Institute (NLGI). The results show about 85% to 67.5% of purified waste cooking oil and 10% to 30% of the treated banana peel are required to prepare biogrease with consistency NLGI 2. Also,the dropping point and oxidation stability tests of prepared biogrease are increasing with in- crease the treated banana peel. In oil separation test, the prepared biogreases show oil sep- aration ranged from 1.5% to 0.3 which indicates acceptable limits of NLGI requirements. Corrosion test for all prepared biogreases shows the results of 1a indicating the good per- formance of the raw materials; this confirmed with results of total acid number.In conclu- sion, results reveal that the waste cooking oil and banana peel used successfully in prepar- ing biogrease cost-effective, easily biodegradable and less hazardous. On other hand, they proved to be a good fluid, thickening and filing agents for the production of suitable envi- ronmental friendly grease according to National Lubricating Grease Institute (NLGI)